Интервью с вице-президентом и сооснователем социального движения «Белая трость» Михаилом Войцеховским о том, как слабовидящие и незрячие пользуются компьютером и смартфоном и как им живётся в российской и цифровой действительности.
Сейчас Михаилу 41 год. Он терял зрение постепенно со второго класса и полностью ослеп в 15 лет.
На встрече с сотрудниками digital-агентства JetStyle он рассказал, как дизайнеры и разработчики могут сделать жизнь незрячих и слабовидящих удобнее и проще.
О слепых и слабовидящих
Считается, что слепых людей в мире не очень много. Но слепота — это понятие не чёткое. Есть те, кто не отличает день от ночи, а есть те, кто не видит номер автобуса. Ещё есть такая вещь, как ситуационная слепота, например, когда тебя отвлекли: вроде всё видишь, но в голове ничего не откладывается. Ещё есть слепота временная, если ты входишь в тёмное помещение из светлого и наоборот.
ВОЗ считает, что 10% населения планеты имеют нарушения зрения. Но разные — от нарушения цветового зрения до полной слепоты. Например, в Свердловской области полностью слепых — тысяча человек. А в Обществе слепых, где в том числе и слабовидящие, — семь тысяч. Когда разрабатываешь интерфейсы, нужно ставить себя на место пользователя. Это полезно даже просто для общего развития.
Наши проблемы в социуме никак не связаны с материальной средой
Ещё в процессе потери зрения в детстве я думал, что потом можно будет положиться на технику, и у меня будут устройства, которые будут мне чай заваривать, в магазин за меня ходить и так далее. Когда появился интернет, мы надеялись на какие-нибудь искусственные глаза и эхолокацию.
Но в какой-то момент я понял, что у человека проблемы связаны не с материальной средой, а с социумом. В первую очередь это вопрос принятия тех изменений, которые с нами случились, и адаптации под них. Нужно уметь формулировать для себя, где ты находишься, и уметь спрашивать у людей то, что тебе надо. Нужно научиться это объяснять.
Этап слабовидения опаснее, чем полная слепота
Люди не понимают, что ты слабовидящий, а сам ты ещё до конца не осознаёшь, насколько плохо видишь. Ты совершаешь необдуманные действия: бежишь через дорогу, не разглядев цвет светофора, и делаешь то, что не очень соотносится с безопасностью.
И чем быстрее ты примешь всё это внутренне, тем лучше и для тебя, и для окружающих. Когда люди понимают, что ты не видишь, они адекватнее реагируют. Например, водители спокойно ждут, пока ты перейдешь дорогу, вместо того чтобы сигналить, махать руками и орать вдогонку.
Надо учить незрячих жить в этой среде, а не изолировать от неё
Я учился в школе для слепых в Верхней Пышме, одной из лучших школ для слепых в СССР. Мне повезло, там был мощный педагогический коллектив и богатый опыт обучения незрячих детей. Но проблема всех специализированных заведений в том, что дети там изолированы от общества, а общество изолировано от них.
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